缩写表

缩写 全称 释义
ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit 算术逻辑单元
CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器
SIMD Single Instruction Multiple Data 单指令多数据
MIMD Multiple Instruction Multiple Data 多指令多数据
RAM Random Access Memory 随机存取存储器
ROM Read-Only Memory 只读存储器
BIOS Basic Input/Output System 基本输入输出系统
CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管
FPD Flat Panel Display 平板显示器
LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器
OLED Organic Light Emitting Display 有机发光显示器
DPI Dots Per Inch 每英寸点数
DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字信号处理器
NIC Network Interface Card 网络接口卡
MAC Media Access Control 媒体访问控制
LAN Local Area Network 局域网
IP Internet Protocol 互联网协议
CLI Command Line Interface 命令行界面
GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户界面
IDE Integrated Development Environment 集成开发环境
CD Compact Disc 光盘
PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理
OS Operating System 操作系统
ID Identity 身份标识
DOS Disk Operating System 磁盘操作系统
DDOS Distributed Denial of Service 分布式拒绝服务
DBMS DataBase Management System 数据库管理系统
SQL Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言
OOP Object-Oriented Programming 面向对象编程
HTML HyperText Markup Language 超文本标记语言
OSI Open Systems Interconnection 开放式系统互联
TCP Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议
USB Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线
WWW World Wide Web 万维网
ISP Internet Service Provider 互联网服务提供商
DSL Digital Subscriber Line 数字用户线路

Unit1

Notes

  1. A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.
    • 所有CPU共有的关键组件是程序计数器，它是一个特殊的存储单元，用于记录内存中下一条指令的读取位置。
  2. It is noticeable that the sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program.
    • 值得注意的是，控制单元处理一条指令时所经历的操作序列本身就像一个简短的计算机程序。
  3. And indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer that runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.
    • 事实上，在某些更复杂的CPU设计中，还存在另一台更小的计算机，称为微程序控制器，它运行着微程序，这些微程序促使所有这些事件发生。
  4. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation, although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation.
    • 因此，任何计算机都可以被编程执行任何算术运算，尽管如果其算术逻辑单元（ALU）不直接支持该操作，则执行该操作将需要更长时间。
  5. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is up to the software to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.
    • 由于CPU不会区分不同类型的信息，因此需要软件为内存中仅被视为一系列数字的信息赋予意义。

Ex.2

  1. input: Information put into a communications system for transmission or into a computer system for processing.
  2. microprocessor: An integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a single chip.
  3. program(1): An instruction sequence in programmed instruction.
  4. bus: A parallel circuit that connects the various components of a computer, allowing the transfer of electric impulses from one connected component to any other.
  5. hardware: A computer and the associated physical equipment directly involved in the performance of data-processing or communications functions.
  6. memory: A unit of a computer that preserves data for retrieval.
  7. output: The information produced by a computer from a specific input.
  8. cell: A basic unit of storage in a computer memory that can hold one unit of information, such as a character or word.
  9. register: A part of the central processing unit where groups of binary digits are stored as the computer is processing them.
  10. address: A number used in information storage or retrieval that is assigned to a specific memory location.
  1. 输入：输入通信系统进行传输或输入计算机系统进行处理的信息。
  2. 微处理器：将计算机整个中央处理单元集成于单一芯片的集成电路。
  3. 程序：编程指令中的指令序列。
  4. 总线： 连接计算机各组件的并行电路，可实现电信号在相邻组件间的传输。
  5. 硬件：直接参与数据处理或通信功能的计算机及相关物理设备。
  6. 存储器：用于保存数据以便检索的计算机单元。
  7. 输出：计算机根据特定输入产生的信息。
  8. 单元：计算机存储器中可容纳单个信息单位（如字符或单词）的基本存储单元。
  9. 寄存器：中央处理器中用于存储二进制数字组的部件，这些数字组在计算机处理过程中被临时保存。
  10. 地址：用于信息存储或检索的编号，分配给特定存储位置。

Ex.4

  1. A processor is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions.
  2. A programming language consists of the symbols, characters, and usage rules that permit people to communicate with computers.
  3. Application software, also called end-user program, includes database programs, word processors, spreadsheets etc.
  4. In a stack, the only element that can be deleted or removed is the one that was inserted most recently.
  5. Most security measures involve data encryption and password.
  1. 处理器是一种能够解释并执行指令的功能单元。
  2. 编程语言由符号、字符及使用规则构成，使人类能够与计算机进行交互。
  3. 应用软件（亦称终端用户程序）包含数据库程序、文字处理器、电子表格等。
  4. 在栈中，唯一可删除或移除的元素是最近插入的那个。
  5. 大多数安全措施涉及数据加密和密码保护。

Ex.5

A buffer is a data area shared by hardware devices or program processes that operate at different speeds or with different sets of priorities. The buffer allows each device or process to operate without being held up by the other. In order for a buffer to be effective, size of the buffer and the algorithms for moving data into and out of the buffer need to be considered by the buffer designer. Like a cache, a buffer is a “midpoint holding place” but exists not so much to accelerate the speed of an activity as to support the coordination of separate activities.

缓冲区是供运行速度不同或优先级不同的硬件设备或程序进程共享的数据区域。缓冲区使每个设备或进程能够独立运行而不受其他设备或进程的阻碍。要使缓冲区有效工作，设计者需考虑缓冲区大小以及数据进出缓冲区的算法。与缓存类似，缓冲区是“中间存储点”，但其存在意义更多在于协调独立活动，而非加速单一操作的速度。

Unit2

Notes

  1. A cathode ray tube (CRT) displays a picture by displaying a plurality of pixels on a screen using electric charges which are discharged from a cathode ray tube and impact a fluorescent plate.
    • 阴极射线管（CRT）通过在屏幕上显示多个像素来显示图像，这些像素是通过从阴极射线管释放的电荷冲击荧光板实现的。
  2. However, CRT monitors are large and bulky due to the large vacuum tubes that enclose the cathode and extend from the cathode to the faceplate of the display.
    • 然而，由于包裹阴极并延伸到显示面板的大型真空管，CRT显示器体积庞大且笨重。
  3. An inkjet printer is a printer in which an image is formed on a recording medium by jetting ink droplets onto the recording medium from at least one ink cartridge mounted in a carrier that reciprocates perpendicularly to the transfer direction of the recording medium.
    • 喷墨打印机是一种打印机，其通过将墨滴从安装在载体上的至少一个墨盒喷射到记录介质上来在记录介质上形成图像，该载体沿垂直于记录介质传输方向的方向往复运动。
  4. Computer systems are generally designed to include an input/output (I/O) bus coupled to one or more connectors or slots to allow the computer system to be upgraded by adding optional capabilities.
    • 计算机系统通常设计为包含一根输入/输出 (I/O) 总线，该总线连接至一个或多个连接器或插槽，以便系统可以通过添加可选功能来升级。
  5. The NIC accesses an Ethernet using a unique media access control (MAC) address allocated in a manufacturing stage while a host has its own Internet Protocol (IP) address corresponding to a hostname.
    • 网络接口卡（NIC）通过制造阶段分配的唯一媒体访问控制（MAC）地址访问以太网，而主机则拥有与主机名对应的互联网协议（IP）地址。

Ex.2

  1. monitor: The phosphorescent surface on which an image is displayed, as on a television, computer monitor, or radar receiver.
  2. operating system: A program that observes, supervises, or controls the activities of other programs.
  3. pixel: The smallest image-forming unit of a video display.
  4. cathode(1): A negatively charged electrode, as of an electrolytic cell, a storage battery, or an electron tube.
  5. faceplate(1): The glass front of a cathode-ray tube upon which the image is displayed.
  6. voltage(1): Electromotive force or potential difference, usually expressed in volts.
  7. reciprocate(1): To move back and forth alternately.
  8. continuous: Uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent.
  9. resolution(1): The fineness of detail that can be distinguished in an image, as on a video display terminal.
  10. character: One of a set of symbols, such as letters or numbers, that are arranged to express information.
  1. 显示器：用于显示图像的发光表面，如电视机、计算机显示器或雷达接收器上的屏幕。
  2. 操作系统：用于观察、监督或控制其他程序活动的程序。
  3. 像素：视频显示器中最小的成像单元。
  4. 阴极：带负电的电极，如电解池、蓄电池或电子管中的电极。
  5. 面板：阴极射线管上用于显示图像的玻璃前板。
  6. 电压：电动势或电位差，通常以伏特为单位表示。
  7. 往复运动：交替地来回移动。
  8. 连续的：在时间、顺序、实质或范围上不间断的。
  9. 分辨率：图像中可辨别的细节精细程度，如视频显示终端的显示精度。
  10. 字符：用于表达信息的符号集合中的单个单位，如字母或数字。

Ex.4

  1. Insufficient memory can cause a processor to work at 50% or even more below its performance potential.
  2. The virus in E-mail messages has affected almost every computer around the world and has caused the damage of up to US$1 billion in North America.
  3. One of the basic rules of computer security is to change your password regularly.
  4. One of the greatest features of a home network is the ability to share one Internet connection simultaneously over two or more computers.
  5. The usual address for a Web site is the page address, although you can enter host.
  1. 内存不足可能导致处理器性能发挥不足，运行效率甚至可能低于其潜在性能的50%。
  2. 电子邮件中的病毒已影响全球几乎所有计算机，在北美地区造成的损失高达10亿美元。
  3. 计算机安全的基本规则之一是定期更改密码。
  4. 家庭网络最突出的优势在于能让两台或更多计算机共享同一互联网连接。
  5. 网站通常通过页面地址访问，但也可输入主机名。

Ex.5

Similar to CD-R, the CD-RW’s polycarbonate substrate is preformed with a spiral groove to guide laser. The alloy phase-change recording layer, which is commonly a mix of silver, indium, antimony, and tellurium, is sandwiched between two layers of dielectric material that draw excess heat from the recording layer.After heating to one particular temperature, the alloy will become crystalline when it is cooled; after heating to a higher temperature it will become amorphous (won’t hold its shape) when it is cooled. By controlling the temperature of the laser, crystalline areas and non-crystalline areas are formed.The crystalline areas will reflect the laser, while the other areas will absorb it. The differences will register as digital data that can be unencoded for playback.To erase or write over recorded data, the higher temperature laser is used, which results in the non-crystalline form, which can then be reformed by the lower temperature laser.

与CD-R类似，CD-RW的聚碳酸酯基板预先压制成螺旋沟槽以引导激光。相变记录层通常由银、铟、锑和碲的混合物构成，被夹在两层介电材料之间，这些介电材料能从记录层中吸收多余的热量。当加热至特定温度后冷却时，合金会形成晶态；若加热至更高温度再冷却，则会形成非晶态（无法保持形状）。通过控制激光温度，可形成晶态区域与非晶态区域。晶体区域将反射激光，其余区域则吸收激光。这种差异将转化为数字数据，可解码后进行播放。要擦除或覆盖已记录数据时，需使用高温激光使材料转变为非晶态，随后再用低温激光将其重新塑造成晶体形态。

Unit3

Notes

  1. Computer software, consisting of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are machanically designed for.
    • 计算机软件由程序组成，使计算机能够执行特定任务，而其物理组件（硬件）只能执行其机械设计所能完成的任务。
  2. Computer software is so called in contrast to computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and run the software.
    • 计算机软件之所以被称为软件，是为了与计算机硬件形成对比，后者包括存储和运行软件所需的物理互连和设备。
  3. People who use modern general-purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems, analog computers, supercomputers, etc.) usually see three layers of software performing a variety of tasks: platform, application, and user software.
    • 使用现代通用计算机（与嵌入式系统、模拟计算机、超级计算机等相对）的人们通常会看到三层软件执行各种任务：平台软件、应用软件和用户软件。
  4. Depending on how competently the user-written software has been integrated into purchased application packages, many users may not be aware of the distinction between the purchased packages, and what has been added by fellow co-workers.
    • 根据用户编写的软件与购买的应用程序包集成的完善程度，许多用户可能并不清楚购买的软件包与同事添加的软件之间的差异。
  5. In this case, a conditional instruction is executed to copy text from data in a “document” area residing in memory, perhaps to an intermediate storage area known as a “clipboard” area.
    • 在此情况下，将执行一条条件指令，用于将存储在内存中“文档”区域的数据文本复制到一个称为“剪贴板”的中间存储区域。

Ex.2

  1. load: To transfer (data) from a storage device into a computer’s memory.
  2. compile: To translate (a program) into machine language.
  3. value: An assigned or calculated numerical quantity.
  4. instruction: A machine code telling a computer to perform a particular operation
  5. interpret: To translate a statement or instruction into executable form and then execute it.
  6. alphabet: The letters of a language, arranged in the order fixed by custom.
  7. compiler(1): A program operating on symbolic input data to produce the equivalent executable machine code.
  8. utility(1): A program designed to perform a particular function; the term usually refers to software that solves narrowly focused problems or those related to computer system management.
  9. communication: The technology employed in transmitting messages.
  10. programmer: One who writes computer programs.
  1. 加载：将（数据）从存储设备传输到计算机内存中。
  2. 编译：将（程序）转换为机器语言。
  3. 值：被赋值或计算得出的数值。
  4. 指令：指示计算机执行特定操作的机器代码。
  5. 解释：将语句或指令转换为可执行形式后执行。
  6. 字母表：按约定顺序排列的语言字母。
  7. 编译器：处理符号化输入数据以生成等效可执行机器码的程序。
  8. 实用程序：专为特定功能设计的程序；通常指解决窄领域问题或计算机系统管理相关问题的软件。
  9. 通信：用于传输信息的科技手段。
  10. 程序员：编写计算机程序的人员。

Ex.4

  1. overflow: An error can be caused by attempting to divide by 0.
  2. debug: The process of identifying and correcting errors in a program.
  3. database: A collection of related information, organized for easy retrieval.
  4. buffer: A location where data can be temporarily stored.
  5. tool bar: A graphical bar with buttons that perform some of the most common commands.
  6. Every valid character in a computer that uses even parity must always have an even number of 1 bits.
  7. The maximum number of data that can be expressed by 8 bits is 255.
  8. Integration testing is the process of verifying that the components of a system work together as described in the program design and system design specifications.
  9. GIF files are limited to a maximum of 8 bits/pixel, it simply means that no more than 256 colors are allowed in an image.
  10. Computer network is a complex consisting of two or more connected computing units, it is used for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing.
  1. 溢出：尝试除以零可能导致错误。
  2. 调试：识别并修正程序中错误的过程。
  3. 数据库：为便于检索而组织的相关信息集合。
  4. 缓冲区：可临时存储数据的位置。
  5. 工具栏：带有按钮的图形化工具条，用于执行常用命令。
  6. 在采用偶校验的计算机中，每个有效字符必须包含偶数个1位。
  7. 8位数据能表示的最大值为255。
  8. 集成测试是验证系统各组件能否按程序设计与系统设计规范协同工作的过程。
  9. GIF文件每像素最多支持8位，这意味着图像中允许使用的颜色不超过256种。
  10. 计算机网络是由两个或多个互联计算单元组成的复杂系统，用于数据通信和资源共享。

Ex.5

In data processing, using an office metaphor, a file is a related collection of records. For example, you might put the records you have on each of your customers in a file. In turn, each record would consist of fields for individual data items, such as customer name, customer number, customer address, and so forth. By providing the same information in the same fields in each record (so that all records are consistent), your file will be easily accessible for analysis and manipulation by a computer program. This use of the term has become somewhat less important with the advent of the database and its emphasis on the table as a way of collecting record and field data. In main frame systems, the term data set is generally synonymous with file but implies a specific form of organization recognized by a particular access method. Depending on the operating system, files (and data sets) are contained within a catalog, directory, or folder.

在数据处理中，如果使用办公室的比喻，一个文件 (file) 就是一组相关的 (related) 记录的集合。例如，你可以把你关于每个客户 (customers) 的记录都放在一个文件中。反过来，每条记录 (record) 都将由用于单个数据项的字段 (fields) 组成，比如客户姓名、客户编号、客户地址等等。通过在每条记录的相同字段中提供相同的信息 (information)（以便所有记录保持一致），你的文件将很容易被计算机程序访问 (accessible) 进行分析和操作。随着数据库的出现，这种术语的用法已经变得不那么重要了，因为数据库侧重 (emphasis) 于将“表”作为收集记录和字段数据的方式。在大型机 (main frame) 系统中，“数据集 (data set)”一词通常与“文件”同义，但它暗示 (implies) 着由特定的访问方法 (method) 所识别的特定组织形式。根据操作系统的不同，文件（和数据集）通常包含在一个目录（catalog）、目录 (directory) 或文件夹（folder）中。

Unit4

Notes

  1. It(driver) translates commands from the operating system or user into commands understood by the component part it interfaces with.
    • 它将来自操作系统或用户的命令转换为与其接口的组件部分所理解的命令。
  2. The operating system makes these interfacing functions along with its other functions operate smoothly and these functions are mostly transparent to the user.
    • 操作系统使这些接口功能与其其他功能顺利运行，这些功能对用户来说大多是透明的。
  3. These can happen due to a software bug tipically in the operating system, although computer programs being run on the operating system can make the system unstable or may even crash the system by themselves.
    • 这些问题通常是由于操作系统中的软件漏洞引起的，尽管在操作系统上运行的计算机程序也可能使系统不稳定，甚至导致系统崩溃。
  4. When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under the single-tasking system category, while in case the operating system allows for execution of multiple tasks at a time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system.
    • 当系统仅允许单个程序同时运行时，该系统被归类为单任务系统；而当操作系统允许同时执行多个任务时，则被归类为多任务操作系统。
  5. An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system.
    • 能够管理一组独立计算机并使它们呈现为单一计算机的操作系统称为分布式操作系统。

Ex.2

  1. install: To set in place and prepare for operation.
  2. command: A signal that initiates an operation defined by an instruction.
  3. translate: In programming, to convert program from one language to another.
  4. mistake: An error or a fault resulting from defective judgement, deficient knowledge, or carelessness.
  5. release: A particular version of a piece of software, most commonly associated with the most recent version.
  6. control(1): The management of a computer and its processing abilities so as to maintain order as tasks and activities are carried out.
  7. crash(1): For a system or program, to fail to function correctly resulting in the suspension of operation.
  8. instability(1): The quality or condition of being erratic or undependable.
  9. reboot: To turn a computer off and then on again; restart the operating system.
  10. workstation: A combination of input, output, and computing hardware that can be used for work by an individual.
  1. 安装：将设备安置到位并准备投入运行。
  2. 指令：触发特定操作的信号，由程序指令定义。
  3. 编译：在编程中，将程序从一种语言转换为另一种语言的过程。
  4. 错误：因判断失误、知识不足或疏忽大意导致的失误或故障。
  5. 发布：软件的特定版本，通常指最新版本。
  6. 控制：管理计算机及其处理能力，以确保任务和活动有序执行。
  7. 崩溃：系统或程序运行异常导致功能失效，操作被迫中断。
  8. 不稳定性：表现为反复无常或不可靠的特性或状态。
  9. 重启：关闭计算机后重新启动；重新运行操作系统。
  10. 工作站：集输入、输出及计算硬件于一体，供个人开展工作的设备组合。

Ex.4

  1. Scanner is a device that converts images to digital format.
  2. In C language, a string is a series of characters enclosed in double quotes.
  3. Search Engines are those programs that help find the information you are trying to locate on the WWW.
  4. In C language, declarations are used to create variables and are grouped at the top of a program block.
  5. An assignment statement can perform a calculation and store the result in a variable so that it can be used later.
  6. Each program module is compiled separately and the resulting object files are linked together to make an executable application.
  7. Standardization is the conscious effort to make all jobs similar, routine, and interchangeable.
  8. A Web browser is one of many software applications that function as the interface between a user and the Internet.
  9. Firewall is a security mechanism used by organizations to protect their LANs from the Internet.
  10. A query is used to search through the database to locate a particular record or records, which conform to specifed criteria.
  1. 扫描仪是一种将图像转换为数字格式的设备。
  2. 在C语言中，字符串是由双引号括起的字符序列。
  3. 搜索引擎是帮助用户在万维网上定位所需信息的程序。
  4. 在C语言中，声明用于创建变量，通常集中在程序块的顶部。
  5. 赋值语句可执行计算并将结果存储于变量中以便后续使用。
  6. 每个程序模块独立编译后，生成的目标文件经链接整合形成可执行应用程序。
  7. 标准化是使所有工作趋于相似、常规化且可互换的有意识努力。
  8. 网络浏览器是众多软件应用之一，作为用户与互联网之间的交互界面。
  9. 防火墙是组织用于保护局域网免受互联网威胁的安全机制。
  10. 查询用于搜索数据库以定位符合特定条件的记录。

Ex.5

An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as “OS”) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).

操作系统（有时简称为“OS”）是指在启动程序将它初始加载到计算机后，负责管理计算机中所有其他程序的程序。这些其他程序被称为应用或应用程序。应用程序通过预定义的应用程序接口（API）向操作系统发出服务请求来利用操作系统。此外，用户可通过命令行或图形用户界面（GUI）等用户界面直接与操作系统交互。

Unit5

Notes

  1. Any data structure is designed to organize data to suit a specific purpose so that it can be accessed and worked with in appropriate ways.
    • 设计任何数据结构的目的是为了满足特定需求，从而能够以适当的方式访问和处理数据。
  2. In computer programming languages, an array is a group of objects with the same attributes that can be addressed individually, using such techniques as subscripting.
    • 在计算机编程语言中，数组是一组具有相同属性的对象，可以通过下标等技术单独寻址。
  3. By providing the same information in the same fields in each record so that all records are consistent, your file will be easily accessible for analysis and manipulation by a computer program.
    • 通过在每条记录的相同字段中提供相同的信息（以便所有记录保持一致），你的文件将很容易被计算机程序访问进行分析和操作。
  4. In any computer system but especially in personal computers, a file is an entity of data available to system users (including the system itself and its application programs) that is capable of being manipulated as an entity (for example, moved from one file directory to another).
    • 在任何计算机系统中，尤其是在个人计算机中，文件是系统用户（包括系统本身及其应用程序）可用的数据实体，能够作为一个整体进行操作（例如，从一个文件目录移动到另一个目录）。
  5. The organization of data in the record is usually prescribed by the programming language that defines the record’s organization and/or by the application program that processes it.
    • 记录中数据的组织通常由定义记录组织的编程语言和/或处理记录的应用程序规定。
  6. For example, a database for a business would typically contain a table for customer information, which would store customers’ account numbers, addresses, phone numbers, and so on as a series of columns.
    • 例如，企业数据库通常包含一个客户信息表，该表将客户的账号、地址、电话号码等作为一系列的列进行存储。
  7. Fields, in turn, are organized as records, which are complete sets of information about a particular customer, each of which comprises a row.
    • 字段组织为记录，这些记录构成关于特定客户的完整信息集，每条记录对应一行。

Ex.2

  1. interrupt: a signal to a computer that stops the execution of a running program so that another action can be performed.
  2. record: a collection of related, often adjacent items of data, treated as a unit.
  3. table: In word processing, a block of text formatted in aligned rows and columns.
  4. list: A multi-element data structure that has a linear organization but that allows elements to be added or removed in any order.
  5. subscript: A distinguishing character or symbol written directly beneath or next to and slightly below a letter or number.
  6. suffix: An affix added to the end of a word or stem.
  7. define: To make or write a definition.
  8. array: A series of objects placed next to each other, usually in a straight line.
  9. sector(1): A bit or a set of bits on a magnetic storage device making up the smallest addressable unit of information.
  10. sort: To organize data, typically a set of records, in a particular order.
  1. 中断：向计算机发送的信号，用于停止正在运行的程序，以便执行其他操作。
  2. 记录：一组相关且通常相邻的数据项，作为整体处理。
  3. 表格：在文字处理中，以对齐的行和列格式化的文本块。
  4. 列表：具有线性组织结构的多元素数据结构，允许按任意顺序添加或删除元素。
  5. 下标：直接书写在字母或数字下方或侧面稍低位置的区分性字符或符号。
  6. 后缀：附加在词尾或词干末端的词缀。
  7. 定义：制定或撰写定义的过程。
  8. 数组：并列排列的对象系列，通常呈直线排列。
  9. 扇区：磁存储设备上构成最小可寻址信息单元的位或位集合。
  10. 排序：将数据（通常为记录集）按特定顺序组织的过程。

Ex.4

  1. A sequence of any number of characters enclosed in the double quotes “ “ is called a string.
  2. In C language, when an array name is passed to a function, what is passed is the location of the beginning of the array.
  3. In C language, the result of the logical NOT operator is 1 if the value of its operand is 0, and is 0 if the value of its operand is non-zero.
  4. A floating constant consists of an integer part, a decimal point, a fraction part, an e or E, and an optionally signed integer exponent.
  5. The clipboard is a temporary storage area that you can use to copy or move selected text or object among applications.
  6. The source program means a program written in a high-level language. It is generally translated to an object program, which is in a form directly understandable by the computer. The translation is usually done by a program called compiler.
  7. Word processing offers many ways to edit text and establish document formats. You can easily insert, delete, change, move and copy words or blocks of text.
  8. “Scrolling” is a technique most commonly associated with display.
  1. 用双引号 “ ” 括起的任意数量字符序列称为字符串。
  2. 在 C 语言中，当数组名传递给函数时，传递的是数组起始位置的地址。
  3. 在 C 语言中，逻辑非运算符的结果为：当操作数值为 0 时返回 1，当操作数值非零时返回 0。
  4. 浮点常量由整数部分、小数点、小数部分、字母e或E，以及可选的带符号整数指数构成。
  5. 剪贴板是用于在应用程序间复制或移动选定文本/对象的临时存储区。
  6. 源程序指用高级语言编写的程序。它通常会被编译成计算机可直接识别的目标程序，此过程通常由编译器完成。
  7. 文字处理提供多种编辑文本和设置文档格式的功能，可轻松插入、删除、修改、移动及复制单词或文本块。
  8. “滚动”是与显示最密切相关的技术。

Ex.5

A binary tree is a method of placing and locating files (called records or keys) in a database, especially when all the data is known to be in random access memory (RAM). The algorithm finds data by repeatedly dividing the number of ultimately accessible records in half until only one remains.In a tree, records are stored in locations called leaves. This name derives from the fact that records always exist at end points; there is nothing beyond them. Branch points are called nodes. The order of a tree is the number of branches (called children) per node. In a binary tree, there are always two children per node, so the order is 2. The number of leaves in a binary tree is always a power of 2. The number of access operations required to reach the desired record is called the depth of the tree.

二叉树是一种在数据库中存放和定位文件（称为记录或键）的方法，尤其适用于所有数据均存储于随机存取存储器（RAM）的情况。该算法通过反复将最终可访问的记录数量减半，直至仅剩一条记录，从而实现数据检索。在树结构中，记录存储于称为叶节点的位置。此名称源于记录始终存在于末端点的事实——其后方不存在任何节点。分支点称为节点。树的阶数指每个节点拥有的分支（称为子节点）数量。在二叉树中，每个节点始终拥有两个子节点，故其阶数为2。二叉树的叶子节点数量永远是2的幂次方。到达目标记录所需的访问操作次数称为树的深度。

Unit6

Ex.2

  1. string: A set of consecutive characters treated by a computer as a single item.
  2. prompt: A symbol that appears on a monitor to indicate that the computer is ready to receive input.
  3. template: A document with blanks for the insertion of details or information.
  4. compilation: Something, such as a set of data, a report, or an anthology, that is compiled.
  5. exit(1): To execute the normal shutdown of a program and return control to the operating system.
  6. symbol(1): In programming, a name that represents a register, an absolute value, or a memory address (relative or absolute).
  7. block: A group of statements in a program that are treated as a unit.
  8. variable: In programming, a named storage location capable of containing data that can be modified during program execution.
  9. return: To go or come back, as to an earlier condition or place.
  10. microcomputer: A very small computer, such as a laptop or personal computer, built around a microprocessor and designed to be used by one person at a time.
  1. 字符串：计算机视为单一实体的一组连续字符。
  2. 提示符：显示在监视器上、指示计算机已准备好接收输入的符号。
  3. 模板：预留空白用于填入具体细节或信息的文档。
  4. 汇编：经编纂整理的成果，如数据集、报告或文集。
  5. 退出：执行程序正常关闭操作，并将控制权交还操作系统。
  6. 符号：在编程中，代表寄存器、绝对值或内存地址（相对或绝对）的名称。
  7. 代码块：程序中作为整体处理的语句集合。
  8. 变量：在编程中，可存储数据的命名存储位置，其值可在程序执行期间修改。
  9. 返回：指回到先前状态或位置的行为。
  10. 微型计算机：基于微处理器构建、专供单人使用的微型计算机，如笔记本电脑或个人电脑。

Ex.4

  1. A multimedia computer is a personal computer whose hardware is capable of using any or all of the following media in a program: audio, text, graphics, video and animation.
  2. The mouse controls the cursor or pointer on the screen and allows the user to access commands by pointing and clicking.
  3. A scanner copies a photograph, drawing or page of text into the computer.
  4. Operating system is permanently stored in the computer and provides a link between the hardware and other programs that run on the PC.
  5. Graph is not a linear structure.
  6. E-mail is the sending and receiving of the messages by computer. It is a fast, low-cost way of communicating worldwide.
  7. The WWW is a collection of computers connected together by phone lines that allows for the global sharing of information.
  8. Search engines are Web sites that search the Web for occurrences of a specified word or phrase.
  9. Files can be lost or destroyed accidentally. Keep backup copies of all data on removable storage media.
  10. In event-driven programming, the user determines the sequence of instructions to be executed, not the programmer.
  1. 多媒体计算机是指其硬件能够在程序中使用以下一种或多种媒介的个人计算机：音频、文本、图形、视频和动画。
  2. 鼠标用于控制屏幕上的光标或指针，用户通过指向和点击来访问命令。
  3. 扫描仪将照片、绘图或文本页面复制到计算机中。
  4. 操作系统永久存储于计算机中，在硬件与运行于个人电脑的其他程序之间建立连接。
  5. 图形并非线性结构。
  6. 电子邮件是通过计算机收发消息的方式，属于全球范围内快速、低成本的通信手段。
  7. 万维网是由电话线连接的计算机网络集合，实现全球信息共享。
  8. 搜索引擎是能在网络中检索特定词汇或短语出现位置的网站。
  9. 文件可能意外丢失或损毁。请将所有数据的备份存入可移动存储介质。
  10. 在事件驱动编程中，指令执行顺序由用户而非程序员决定。

Ex.5

C is a structured, procedural programming language that has been widely used both for operating systems and applications and that has had a wide following in the academic community. Many versions of UNlX-based operating systems are written in C. C has been standardized as part of the Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX).
With the increasing popularity of object oriented programming, C is being rapidly replaced as “the” programming language by C++, a superset of the C language that uses an entirely different set of programming concepts, and by Java, a language similar to but simpler than C++, that was designed for use in distributed networks.

C是一种结构化、过程化的编程语言，在操作系统和应用程序领域均被广泛应用，并在学术界拥有众多追随者。许多基于UNIX的操作系统版本都是用C语言编写的。C语言已被标准化为可移植操作系统接口（POSIX）的一部分。
随着面向对象编程日益普及，C语言正迅速被取代——取代其“首选编程语言”地位的既有C++（作为C语言的超集，采用完全不同的编程概念），也有Java（一种类似但比C++更简洁的语言，专为分布式网络设计）。

Unit7

Ex.2

  1. loop: A sequence of instructions that repeats either a specified number of times or until a particular condition prevails.
  2. retrieval: The process of extracting data from a database and presenting it for use.
  3. attribute(1): A characteristic possessed by all members of a class.
  4. model: A mathematical or graphical representation of a real-world situation or object.
  5. failure(1): The inability of a computer system or related device to operate reliably or to operate at all.
  6. index(1): A listing of keywords and associated data that point to the location of more comprehensive information, such as files and records on a disk or record keys in a database.
  7. tag(1): An identifying term attached to an element in a system to facilitate connection to other identified elements.
  8. tuple(1): In a database record, the name or structure of a field.
  9. filter(1): A pattern or mask through which data is passed to weed out specified items.
  10. locate(1): To determine or specify the position or limits of.
  1. 循环：一组指令序列，可重复执行指定次数或持续执行直至特定条件成立。
  2. 检索：从数据库中提取数据并呈现供使用的过程。
  3. 属性：某类所有成员共有的特征。
  4. 模型：对现实世界情境或对象的数学或图形化表示。
  5. 故障：计算机系统或相关设备无法可靠运行或完全无法运行的状态。
  6. 索引：指向更全面信息位置的关键词及关联数据列表，如磁盘上的文件记录或数据库中的记录键。
  7. 标签：附加于系统元素的识别术语，用于促进与其他已识别元素的关联。
  8. 元组：数据库记录中字段的名称或结构。
  9. 过滤器：用于筛选数据以剔除特定项的模式或掩码。
  10. 定位：确定或指定某物的位置或边界。

Ex.4

  1. Web page means “Any HTML document on a HTTP Server”.
  2. The term “source program” means a program written in high-level language.
  3. Very long, complex expressions in program are difficult to write correctly and difficult to debug.
  4. In C language, functions are important because they provide a way to modularize code so that a large complex program can be written by combining many smaller parts.
  5. The standard libraries in C language contain many useful functions for input and output, string handling, mathematical computations, and system programming tasks.
  6. In event-driven programming, the user determines the sequence of instructions to be executed, not the programmer.
  7. Hyperlink is a clickable string or graphic that points to another Web page or document.
  8. One solution to major security problem is patches, which are frequently installed to fix known security holes.
  9. A programmer must know about a function’s interface to call it correctly.
  10. On a virtual memory system, the logical memory space available to the program is totally independent of the physical memory space.
  1. 网页指“HTTP服务器上的任何HTML文档”。
  2. “源代码程序”指用高级语言编写的程序。
  3. 程序中非常长且复杂的表达式难以正确编写且难以调试。
  4. 在C语言中，函数至关重要，因为它们提供了代码模块化的方法，使大型复杂程序能通过组合多个小型部件实现。
  5. C语言的标准库包含大量实用函数，涵盖输入输出、字符串处理、数学运算及系统编程任务。
  6. 在事件驱动编程中，指令执行顺序由用户而非程序员决定。
  7. 超链接是可点击的字符串或图形，指向其他网页或文档。
  8. 解决重大安全问题的方案之一是补丁，需定期安装以修复已知安全漏洞。
  9. 程序员必须了解函数的接口才能正确调用。
  10. 在虚拟内存系统中，程序可用的逻辑内存空间与物理内存空间完全独立。

Ex.5

A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images.
In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.

数据库是经过组织的信息集合，以便于访问、管理和更新。从某种角度看，数据库可按内容类型分为四类：书目型、全文型、数值型和图像型。
在计算机领域，数据库有时根据其组织方式进行分类。最普遍的方法是关系型数据库，这是一种表格式数据库，其数据定义方式支持多种重组和访问模式。分布式数据库可分散或复制到网络中的不同节点。面向对象编程数据库则与对象类及其子类中定义的数据相匹配。

Unit8

Ex.2

  1. object: In object oriented programming, a variable comprising both routines and data that is treated as a discrete entity.
  2. class: A descriptive tool used in a program to define a set of attributes or a set of services (actions available to other parts of the program) that characterize any member (object) of the class.
  3. procedure(1): A series of steps taken to accomplish an end.
  4. prototype(1): An original type, form, or instance that serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged.
  5. characteristic: A feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably, a distinguishing mark or trait.
  6. inherit(2): To receive from an ancestor by legal succession or will.
  7. hierarchy(2): A series in which each element is graded or ranked.
  8. bookmark(1): A marker inserted at a specific point in a document to which the user may wish to return for later reference.
  9. manipulate(1): To operate or control by skilled use of the hands; handle.
  10. packet(1): In communications, a unit of information transmitted electronically from one device to another.
  1. 对象：在面向对象编程中，包含程序和数据的变量，被视为独立实体。
  2. 类：程序中用于定义属性集或服务集（可供程序其他部分调用的操作）的描述工具，这些属性或服务特征化该类的任何成员（对象）。
  3. 过程：为达成目标而执行的步骤序列。
  4. 原型：作为后续阶段基准或评判标准的原始类型、形式或实例。
  5. 特征：某类所有成员共有的特性属性。
  6. 继承：通过法定继承或遗嘱从祖先处获得。
  7. 层次结构：各元素按等级或排名排列的序列。
  8. 书签：插入文档特定位置的标记，供用户后续查阅时定位。
  9. 操作：通过熟练的手部动作进行控制或处理；操控。
  10. 数据包：通信中电子传输的信息单元，由设备间传递。

Ex.4

  1. One use of networks is to let several computers share resources such as file system, printers, and tape drives.
  2. A firewall is a security system designed to protect an organization’s network against threats.
  3. The operating system has several major components, including the system kernel, a memory management system, the file system manager, device drivers, and the system libraries.
  4. Pointer is the address of a variable or a variable in which the address of another variable is stored.
  5. C++ is used with proper object oriented design techniques.
  6. Array is a contiguous, numbered set of variables of a given base type, which can be used and passed to functions as a unit.
  7. UML is not a programming language.
  8. Comment is non-program text embedded in a program to explain its form and function to human readers.
  9. When the result of an operation becomes larger than the limits of the representation, overflow occurs.
  1. 网络的一个用途是让多台计算机共享资源，例如文件系统、打印机和磁带驱动器。
  2. 防火墙是一种旨在保护组织网络免受威胁的安全系统。
  3. 操作系统包含多个主要组件，包括系统内核、内存管理系统、文件系统管理器、设备驱动程序和系统库。
  4. 指针是变量的地址，或存储其他变量地址的变量。
  5. C++需配合正确的面向对象设计技术使用。
  6. 数组是由特定基类变量组成的连续编号集合，可作为整体使用并传递给函数。
  7. UML并非编程语言。
  8. 注释是嵌入程序中的非程序文本，用于向人类读者解释程序的结构与功能。
  9. 当运算结果超出表示范围时，即发生溢出。

Ex.5

Java is a programming language expressly designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the “look and feel” of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++ and enforces an object oriented programming model. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page. The Java virtual machine includes an optional just-in-time compiler that dynamically compiles bytecode into executable code as an alternative to interpreting one bytecode instruction at a time. In many cases, the dynamic JIT compilation is faster than the virtual machine interpretation.

Java是一种专为互联网分布式环境设计的编程语言。它在设计上保留了C++语言的“外观和感觉”，但比C++更易于使用，并强制采用面向对象的编程模型。Java可用于创建完整应用程序，既可在单台计算机上运行，也可在网络中的服务器和客户端间分布式运行。它还能构建小型应用模块或小程序，作为网页组件使用。小程序使网页用户能够与页面进行交互。Java虚拟机包含可选的即时编译器，该编译器能动态将字节码编译为可执行代码，从而替代逐条解释字节码指令的方式。在多数情况下，动态即时编译的速度优于虚拟机的解释执行。

Unit9

Ex.2

  1. network: A system of computers interconnected by telephone wires or other means in order to share information.
  2. telecommunication: The science and technology of communication at a distance by electronic transmission of impulses, as by telegraph, cable, telephone, radio, or television.
  3. protocol: A standard procedure for regulating data transmission between computers.
  4. workgroup: A group of users working on a common project and sharing computer files, often over a local area network.
  5. hub: A device joining communication lines at a central location, providing a common connection to all devices on the network.
  6. channel: A transmission path by which radio or other signals are sent to an aircraft or a communications satellite.
  7. intranet: A network designed for information processing within a company or organization. Its uses include such services as document distribution, software distribution, access to databases, and training.
  8. authentication: In reference to computing, especially remote computers on a network, the right granted an individual to use the system and the data stored on it.
  9. adapter: A printed circuit board that enables a personal computer to use a peripheral device, such as a CD-ROM drive, modem, or joystick, for which it does not already have the necessary connections, ports, or circuit boards.
  10. packet: A short block of data transmitted in a packet switching network.